While both direct and indirect confusion occur in the real world, the use of this distinction in the legal test of a likelihood of confusion is unnecessary. Further, the requirement to explain a ...

Italian law. It stated that the test includes, among other things, an assessment of (i) the context in which a trademark has been used as well as the actual terms of its registration, and (ii) any ...

In Aceites del Sur-Coosur SA v Koipe Corporación SL, the ECJ has held that there was a likelihood of confusion between the figurative trademarks LA ESPAÑOLA and CARBONELL for olive oil. The case ...