A research team at the University of Münster has investigated for the first time how the confrontation of bacteria with hosts that have an activated innate immune system affects the evolution of ...

A disease surveillance strategy modeled on the body's immune system detected more disease-carrying insects than the traditional top-down approach, according to a study led by researchers from the ...

For a century, the rule was simple: you cannot vaccinate an invertebrate. Animals without backbones — insects, crustaceans, mollusks — lack the adaptive immune system that vertebrates use to ...

Insect innate immune responses rely on both cellular and humoral effector mechanisms to combat infection. Cellular defences are mediated by circulating haemocytes that perform phagocytosis, ...