During the 1850s, due to the manufacturing processes being developed in Britain by Sir Henry Bessemer, it became possible – in theory – to produce sufficient steel of adequate quality to make it an ...

Heavy Steel Frames: Fabricated from hot-rolled steel sections, heavy steel frames are significantly thicker—often above 6 mm—and heavier. They are used in buildings where high load-bearing capacity is ...

Cold-formed steel portal frames have emerged as a versatile and efficient structural system in modern construction. Their design exploits thin-walled steel sections, which are cold-formed to yield ...

Keywords: hybrid simulation, collapse assessment, steel moment frames, steel gravity frames, integration methods, substructuring technique Abstract: This report presents two series of hybrid ...